Beauty is in the eye of the beholder?

There is strong pressure for individuals to become beautiful and to find a beautiful mate. Every day, people spend time and money to become beautiful. We may not be aware of it but we are likely to have experienced or witnessed how people use time and seem to have insufficient time in making themselves beautiful. Teenage siblings race to use the bathroom first because a sibling takes an hour or more to prepare for school.A range of beauty products clutter the bathroom cabinet or dresser with products used for different parts of the body or for various purposes and applied during the day and at night.Couples pressure each other to hurry up so they would beat rush hour traffic and not be late for work. People put on make-up, shave or brush their teeth while racing in the motorway. Cosmetic surgery has become popular. These are just examples of how people invest time and money to meet the pressure of becoming beautiful. Beauty is also strong consideration in looking for a partner or sel ecting a mate. Physical beauty is the initial determinant of attraction, which determines an individual’s interest in another person. While perceptions of beauty depend on personal taste, social influences can sway choices and outcomes.Even if a person finds someone attractive, if their friends or peers disagree then chances are they will not end up with that person. Acceptance of a partner by their peers is important to individuals. An interesting question is how far individuals consider social influences in selecting their partners and how well social influences on beauty standards in partner selection guarantee a good relationship. External Influences on Individual Perceptions of Beauty Perceptions of beauty that individuals use in finding and selecting a partner depend on external influences.These external influences not only affect ideas of a beautiful partner but also determine how well individuals meet the acceptable standards of a beautiful partner. The media as deter minant of standards of beauty. The media is a social institution that creates ideas of beauty and influences individual self-perception (Engeln-Maddox & Miller, 2008). The media is the biggest source of ideas of beauty expressed through different venues such as print magazines, television commercials or shows, and online programs. Mass accessibility led to the exposure and consumption of media by many people.Media also provides ideas of body image as a standard of beauty (Gallagher & Pecot-Hebert, 2007). Media changes the perception of individuals about themselves to make people desire the ideal standards of appearance and beauty. A study on the impact of media towards focus on appearance and beauty of African American girls showed that the portrayal of women as sex objects led to the greater consciousness and focus on personal appearance (Gordon, 2008). African American girls exposed to media portraying Black women as sex objects and who identified themselves with the characters in the media developed greater focus on their appearance.Media also affects individual ideas of beauty by causing individuals to make self-evaluations of their attractiveness. A research on the link between media, body evaluation and perceptions of attractiveness of college men and women showed that those who had positive evaluations of their bodies relative to media ideals perceived themselves as attractive while those who negatively evaluated their bodies reported negative effects on their self-esteem (Tyler, Lopez & Flores, 2009).The impact of media on individual ideas of beauty depends on internalization of ideal beauty and dissatisfaction with one’s body or looks. Internalization of ideal beauty means its acceptance and pursuit of this beauty standard (Dittmar, Halliwell & Stirling, 2009). The internationalization of thin models as ideal beauty influences decisions to undergo a physical makeover that could include cosmetic surgery (Heyes, 2007). Dissatisfaction with oneâ⠂¬â„¢s physical appearance also reinforces the impact of the ideal beauty on body image and self-perception (Engeln-Maddox, 2006).Culture as determinant of standards of beauty. People pursue standards of beauty prevailing in the culture to which they closely associate (Englis, Solomon & Ashmore, 1994). Having large eyes, breasts or hips depends on the beliefs of what constitutes beauty in women. In Africa, having large hips is beautiful because it represents fertility. In Latin America, women with large hips are beautiful with beauty showcased in dances. Changes in the beauty norms also cause shifts in individual ideas of beauty.Standards of beauty within a cultural context are exemplified by patterns of consumption (Bloch & Richins, 1993). Different types of cosmetics, hair products, and beauty enhancement procedures are popular beauty commodities in different cultures. Innovations in product development, technological tools, and marketing strategies for these products are a contin uous activity to create and meet demand. Peers as determinants of standards of beauty. Peers are agents of socialization (Campbell, 1980). Individuals learn about what constitutes beauty from peers.Individual attitudes and behaviors towards beauty is a reflection of collective ideas of beauty. The extent of association or identification with a peer group leads to a stronger influence on beauty standards (Campbell, 1980). A study on changing racial stereotypes through peer groups showed that exposure to positive stereotypes about African Americans led to the development of positive stereotyping by the group and its individual members (Tan et al. , 2001). People consider and adjust to the attitudes and beliefs of their peer groups on a number of issues including ideal beauty.Peers also influence perceptions of attractiveness of a potential mate. A study of social influences on interpersonal interaction showed that women were influenced by perceptions of their peers over the physical a ttractiveness of men as shown by personal ratings that considered initial feedback from other women (Graziano et al. , 1993). Peer Pressure and Fear of Judgment as Drivers of Likes and Dislikes Peer groups affect individual likes and dislikes by influencing attitudes, beliefs and behaviors toward beauty and related aspects.Peer pressure and fear of judgment are determinants of individual likes and dislikes. Peer pressure. Individuals are susceptible to persuasion in making decisions and doing actions depending on collective attitudes and behavior of peers (Griskevicius, Cialdini & Goldstein, 2008). If most or all peers adopt a similar attitude and behave similarly towards something, the extent of persuasive influence of peers is higher. Peer pressure refers to the psychological strain experienced by individuals when comparing themselves with their peers (Daido, 2006).If there is a significant gap, then a person feels greater pressure to consider and adopt the common beliefs and prac tices of the peer group. Fear of judgment. Fear is an emotional state that has a direct relationship with threat avoidance (Maner & Gerend, 2007). In peer groups, fear could emerge in the form of apprehensions over judgments from peers that affect acceptability and support from the group as well as anticipation of conflict with the group. The fear drives individuals to avoid the cause of the fear.A way of avoiding the outcomes feared is to comply with group peer beliefs and activities. Physical and Inner Beauty Beauty could be visible or non-visible or both (Fatovic-Ferencic, Durrigl & Holubar, 2003) Visible beauty is physical and observable by sight. Non-visible beauty refers to characteristics or values that may not be viewable but observable through personality, attitudes, decisions and behaviors. Physical beauty and inner beauty are interrelated but one component could dominate the other. A person may be beautiful on the outside but not beautiful on the inside.While the common p erception of beauty is as physical attribute, beauty comprises the balance between the physical and non-physical components. Informed judgments. With beauty having physical and non-physical components, making judgments requires knowing someone first. A study on the length of acquaintance with consensus over personality judgments showed that the longer one knows and interacts with a person, the more accurate the personal judgment is with the consensus over the personality judgment (Biesanz, West & Millevoi, 2007).Time is a factor in knowing a person. Judgments on beauty, covering both physical and inner beauty, require time to know a person. Physical beauty can be judged immediately based on first impression but judgments on overall beauty require knowing the individual first. Cognitive autonomy. Decision-making on life-changing personal matters such as having a relationship or selecting a partner are done individually. Although, external influences are important, people should learn to balance autonomous thinking with social influences.Cognitive autonomy is an important quality especially for young people and adults who face difficult life choices. This concept refer to the ability to evaluate ideas, express opinions, make decisions, use comparative assessments, and do self-evaluations (Beckert, 2007). Developing cognitive autonomy enables individuals to balance personal preferences with external influences. Self-efficacy. Individuals have varying needs and objectives. Although external feedback can help individuals, developing self-efficacy is important for individuals to make a plan and act to achieve their own goals.Individuals have a close understanding of what they want to achieve and self-efficacy is the factor that mediates planning and goal fulfillment (Lippke et al. , 2009). Other people may not have the same extent of understanding of the person’s goals and plans. The plan to enter into a relationship is achievable through self-efficacy. The C urrent Study The study will investigate the concept of beauty, including the distinction of inner and outer beauty, based on the perspectives of a representative sample of senior students at the university.Views and experiences of the pressures of being beautiful and finding the perfect partner based on standards of beauty will also be gathered. The study will then determine the extent that individuals weigh personal taste and social ideals of beauty, particularly peer influences, in finding the perfect partner and the extent that the balance contributes to the success in finding the perfect mate. Hypotheses 1. University students achieve greater balance between personal taste and social ideals of beauty in finding a life partner when beauty is considered as having inner and outer components.2. A balance between personal taste and social ideals of beauty contributes to the greater success in finding a partner. Method Participants The participants will be 60 randomly selected senior students at the university, evenly distributed between males and females. Senior students are those currently enrolled and expected to graduate after completing the current semester and one more semester. Senior university students will be selected as participants because they are likely to encounter the issue of finding a perfect partner as they near graduation and while establishing their careers.Having males and females as participants would determine any differences between perceptions of beauty, pressure of achieving beauty, and selection of the perfect life partner based on beauty. The participants have to bring with them two of their closest peers to provide an assessment of the physical attributes and perceived personality typology of partner choices. The selection of the respondents will be made by coordinating with the school registry to identify senior university students. Of the list obtained, 30 males and 30 females will be randomly selected.They will be contacted to se ek their permission and schedule a session together with two of their closest friends to participate in the quasi-experiment and answer the questionnaire. Those selected who refused to participate will be replaced by randomly selecting from the list until 60 respondents are completed. Materials The data collection instrument is a structured questionnaire with closed questions requiring the selection of a range of answers including yes/no, ranking a list of items, selecting a single answer from a given list, and rating based on extent of agreement or disagreement.The questions or statements cover the four topics on concept of beauty, pressures of being beautiful, finding a lifetime partner based on personal and/or peer ideas of beauty, and extent that personal and/or peer ideals of beauty contribute to the success in finding the perfect partner. Procedure The quasi-experiment will start with the selected participants going over pictures with basic information and personality descript ions of thirty men for women participants and thirty women for male participants. The graduation pictures of individuals wearing togas will be taken from yearbooks to control other visual factors such as clothing.The pictures will be selected to consider diverse physical and personality attributes based on the yearbook descriptions. The respondents will be asked to select one person from the set of pictures as a potential partner. They will rate the physical attributes and perceived personality traits of the person in the picture. Their friends will view the pictures, select one picture they think is the perfect partner for their friend, and rate the physical features and perceived personality type. The participant will be shown the choice of their peers and explanations for the choice.The participants are given the chance to decide whether to retain their choice or select the choice of their peers. Regardless of their choice, the participants will be asked to answer the questionnai re. The responses will be analyzed using descriptive statistics to summarize responses, t-test to determine differences in responses as influenced by gender, and correlation to determine the relationship between variables. References Beckert, T. (2007). Cognitive autonomy and self-evaluation in adolescence: A conceptual investigation and instrument. North American Journal of Psychology, 9(3), 579-594.Biesanz, J. , West, S. , & Millevoi, A. (2007). What do you learn about someone over time? The relationship between length of acquaintance and consensus and self–other agreement in judgments of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 119-135. Bloch, P. , & Richins, M. (1993). Attractiveness, adornments, and exchange. Psychology & Marketing, 19(6), 467-470. Campbell, B. (1980). A theoretical approach to peer influence in adolescent socialization. American Journal of Political Science, 24(2), 324-344. Dittman, H. , Halliwell, E. , & Stirling, E.(2009). Und erstanding the impact of thin media models on women’s body-focused affect: The roles of thin-ideal internalization and weight-related self-discrepancy activation in experimental exposure effects. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(1), 43-72. Engeln-Maddox, R. (2006). Buying a beauty standard or dreaming of a new life? Expectations associated with media ideals. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(1), 258-266. Engeln-Maddox, R. (2008). Talking back to the media ideal: The development and validation of the critical processing of beauty images scale.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(1), 159-171. Englis, B. , Solomon, M. , & Ashmore, R. (1994). Beauty before the eyes of beholders: The cultural encoding of beauty types in magazine advertising and music television. Journal of Advertising, 23(2), 46-94. Fatovic-Ferencic, S. , Durrigl, M. , & Holubar, K. (2003). Beauty: Soul or surface?. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 2(2), 82-85. Gallagher, A. , & Pecot-Hebert, L. (2007). â€Å"You need a makeover! †: The social construction of female body image in A Makeover Story, What Not to Wear, and Extreme Makeover.Popular Communication, 5(1), 57-79. Gordon, M. (2008). Media contributions to African American girls’ focus on beauty and appearance: Exploring the consequences of sexual objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 32(1), 245-256. Graziano, W. , Jensen, Campbell, L. , Shebilske, L. , & Lundgren, S. (1993). Social influence, sex differences, and judgments of beauty: Putting the interpersonal back in interpersonal attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(3), 522-531. Griskevicius, V. , Cialdini, R. , & Goldstein, N. (2008).Applying (and resisting) peer influence. MIT Sloan Management Review, 49(2), 84-88. Heyes, C. (2007). Cosmetic surgery and the televisual makeover: A Foucauldian feminist reading. Feminist Media Studies, 7(1), 17-32. Lippke, S. , Wiedmann, A. , Ziegelmann, J. , Reuter, T. , & Schwarzer, R. (2009) . Self-efficacy moderates the mediation of intentions into behavior via plans. American Journal of Health Behavior, 33(5), 521-529. Maner, J. , & Gerend, M. (2007). Motivationally selective risk judgments: Do fear and curiosity boost the boons or the banes?.Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 103(2), 256-267. Tan, A. , Tan, G. , Avdeyeva, T. , Crandall, H. , Fukushi, Y. , Nyandwi, A. , Chin, H. , Wu, C. , & Fujioka, Y. (2001). Changing negative racial stereotypes: The influence of normative peer information. The Howard Journal of Communications, 12(3), 171-180. Tyler, K. , Lopez, S. , & Flores, L. (2009). The media, body evaluation, and perceptions of physical attractiveness among college-aged women and men. Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 14(1), 25-33.

Chapter 1 The Language of Political Sc Essay

Chapter 1 The Language of Political Sc Essay Chapter 1 The Language of Political Sc Essay Tamara Stanford-Sommers Rose Losoya Government 2305 August 5, 2014 Chapter 1, The Language of Political Science As I’ve researched and learned about every political party. I’ve come to believe that where I stand in a politician’s world is consider a moderate. I researched a few of the current top issue from same sex marriage, extending unemployment benefits, the death penalty to minimum wage. I found that my views were kept within reasonable limits; not extreme, excessive, or intense (Harper, 2010), in the same view as of a moderate. The first issue I researched was same sex marriage; I believe people should have their own choice and freedom to live the lifestyle of their choosing. It shouldn’t be any type of law to stand in the way of someone’s love interest, because same sex love is a good as any. It’s a bond that should not be in the hands of the government or anyone else for that matter but in the hand of the two people willing to make the commit together. The second issue I researched was extending unemployment benefits. Right now is one of the most difficult times to receive a job, and I feel as though some of the people need them benefits. I also do know that Texas unemployment has strict rules in receiving unemployment benefits that also make it a good program. A person is required to report 40 hrs a week of job searching receiving signatures from every place of employment office they visit. So people are also working for the benefits and not just laying around receiving them. The thi rd issue I researched was the death penalty. I agree 100% with the death penalty. Some crimes are so horrific

Essay on Entrepreneurship in the Global Environment

Essay on Entrepreneurship in the Global Environment Essay on Entrepreneurship in the Global Environment Essay on Entrepreneurship in the Global EnvironmentBasing on Stokes, Wilson and Mador (2010), and Deakings and Freel (2009), Entrepreneurship as the process of organizing the production of goods and services to meet the constantly renewed demand and receive profit, as well as a function of managing this process factually represents the force of creative destruction that acts in the market and in production creating at the same time new products and business models. In this regard we find the most appropriate American economist Joseph Schumpeter’s definition of an entrepreneur as a person who is trying to turn a new idea or invention into a successful innovation (Zimmerer and Scarborough, 2005). Indeed, a good barometer of the entrepreneurial skills of a manager is one’s reaction to the new strategic possibilities, the way one perceives innovations of other companies, one’s actions to improve the organization’s performance. Managers endowed with the talent of entrepreneurship are usually the pioneers who quickly perceive all the innovations, take a certain share of risk, and initiate radically new strategies. Further in this paper, we will discuss the entrepreneurial skills of the two prominent representatives of this class Baron Marcel Bich, the founder of the brands Bic and Cricket, the pioneer of the market of disposable items of daily use, and Akio Morita, the founder of the Sony Corporation, one of the leaders of innovation in the electronics market.Marcel Bich profileRelying on Landrum’s (1993) research, Marcel Bich’s (1914-1994) career in manufacturing pens began in 1939 as he took the position of an executive sales manager at Stephens, the largest French company in this segment and the main competitor to Waterman in France, but was interrupted by the war. After its end in 1945, Bich had to fight for his well-being, and at the time together with his friend Edouard Buffard they spent their last $1000 to buy the ru ndown premises in Clichy, where they started producing ink reservoirs for ballpoint pens. Despite huge demand, ballpoint pen was an expensive and unreliable novelty, and that experience made Baron Marcel Bich think about creating cheap disposable pens. Therefore, the next four years he spent developing the first Bic pen improving its functionality and calculating the value of the product that would not make its owner feel sorry to throw it away (Landrum, 1993).In 1950, Marcel Bich for the first time proposed the sample to six companies for whom he produced ink reservoirs. One of these companies was a major and respected US firm Waterman, which Bich later acquired. He gave these firms the opportunity to be the first to introduce his idea, paying his company only the royalty but they refused to take risks saying that he did not understand the specificities of the complex global distribution system. Bich had to choose one of three options: to forget about his idea; to produce the produ ct on his own and sell it through small distributors; or start his own company to produce pens and arrange his own distribution system. As a true entrepreneur, Marcel Bich decided to create his own business, and since then the way people write in the world changed forever.Having set the price for a disposable ballpoint pen at 29 cents, while the prices for pens of the rival firms ranged between $9 and $12.95, the company achieved astonishing sales in the first 3 years distributing 200,000-250,000 pens per day. By the mid-1960’s Bich was producing more than a billion pens a year, and managed to reduce safely their price to 10 cents. Acquisition of Biro-Swan, Bellograf and Waterman Pen helped the company to reach the British, Australian, New Zealand, Canadian, and American markets where Bich introduced his extensive distribution network. For example, in the United States, he created 300,000 retail outlets, representing 93% of all retail sales in the US, and thus captured 60% of the market in the United States (Landrum, 1993).Later, Marcel Bich extended his success in pens to lighters and shavers, leaving behind in this segment such large competitors as Gillette, and now is trying to introduce a one-off perfumes. Today, Societe Bic sells over three billion ballpoint pens a year (one million per day in the United States alone) and dominates the market for pens and lighters in most countries of the world (BIC Official Website, 2014).Akio Morita profileThe man of the same era, Akio Morita (1921-1999), a brilliant representative of a completely different industry and culture of doing business, who nevertheless also stands at the origin of a large innovation. Studying electronics from an early age, Morita wanted to establish a company that would prove it belonged to firms that create innovative products. In 1947, Ibuka, Maeda and Akio Morita became partners and founded the Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation (SONY since 1958) with a capital of $500 (Morita, 1986). Their first product was a device for cooking rice. They produced one hundred pieces but did not sell a single one. A similar case was their first Japanese tape recorder (Collins and Porras, 2004). The company was close to bankruptcy, and the reason was that they knew how to design and manufacture products, but had no idea how to sell it. And here is when Akio Morita’s entrepreneurial skills revealed themselves.Having taken over the department of foreign trade and marketing at Sony, Morita personally did not invent a single product. His contribution was the innovative market strategy and discovering the potential market opportunities. Thus, Morita was an advocate for Sony’s pocket-sized radio (the first to be fully transistorized), the first transistor television in the world, the first home video recorder, and surely, the world’s first portable music player Walkman introduced in 1979 (Collins and Porras, 2004). With 75 different versions and mor e than 20 million users, the Walkman became one of the most famous products of the company, despite the fact that when the company’s engineers conducted the first research, they concluded that people would not buy this device because it lacked recording function and just played music (Morita, 1986; Collins and Porras, 2004). Intuition told Akio Morita that his product would be in demand. Moreover, his successful marketing of the Walkman managed to introduce the idea of â€Å"Japaneseness† into the global culture, which since then became synonymous with product miniaturization and application of latest technologies (Collins and Porras, 2004).Since 1960, Sony has been the first to implement new ideas in virtually every segment of the consumer electronics market. This commitment to innovation made Sony the most innovative company for three decades from the 50’s to the 70’s (Collins and Porras, 2004). Following the vision of Akio Morita, the company was also aggressively expanding into the new markets. As a result, Sony annual income increased from $2.5 million in 1955 to $128.36 billion in 2014. In 2012, Sony was ranked 87th on the Fortune Global 500 List, and the variety of marketing efforts it engages make it one of the worlds largest and most pervasive corporations of all time (Sony Official Website, 2014).Rationalization of choiceBoth Akio Morita and Marcel Bich are clearly the examples of outstanding entrepreneurial skills and are worthy of recognition. Being farsighted innovators in their industries, they made their companies leaders in the market segment.Thus, Marcel Bich is more than anyone responsible for the emergence of disposable culture. His purposeful ingenuity changed the spending habits of society and the way people use writing instruments, lighters and safety razors worldwide. His creative destruction of static markets was a brilliant innovation. Similar to BIC, Sony traditionally has been remarkable for establishing i ts own in-house standards for innovation in recording and storage rather than taking on those of other producers and standards agencies. Sony (alone and with partners) has brought in several of the most used recording formats such as floppy disk, Compact Disc, and Blu-ray Disc.Precisely identifying the current needs of society, Akio Morita and Marcel Bich ignored the establishment in their quest for new and better ways. Different in their specificity, these two leaders were similar in their mentality: intuition relied on striving to achieve goals at any cost, and destruction of old patterns were part of the way to success. The deeper analysis and comparison of their management approaches are presented below.Essay on Entrepreneurship in the Global Environment  part 2

Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution in Lancaster Dissertation

Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution in Lancaster - Dissertation Example Natural sources comprise only about 1% of the total emissions. With the increase in global warming around the world, incentives were undertaken to first create awareness and then to counter the causes of global warming and ozone depletion. United Nations took upon itself to encourage the respective governments of firstly the developed nations and then the developing ones. Similarly, the EU started funding researches and experiments to monitor the main causes of global warming, which were greenhouse gases, of which primarily, were oxides of nitrogen. The alarming statistics on the increase in NO2 concentration in U.K raised more urgent questions to be pondered over. What were the consequences of such high concentrations? Does it pose any immediate threat to the ecosystem in general and environment in particular? Hence researches and experiments were performed to delve further into the effects of the increased emissions of NO2 and our increasing dependence on non- renewable sources as our sole driving energy. The harmful effects, other than global warming, proved more concerning to the masses. The main effect on any individual exposed to high concentrations of NO2 was an increase in respiratory problems especially childhood asthma (Koenig 2003, p. 173). Child Health Study performed a research amongst children from 10 Californian communities using multiple indicators of exposure to NO2. The main indicator they made use of was traffic pollution in especially urban areas. The results proved that there was a co relation between the extent of exposure to NO2 and the occurrence of asthma or to the least, weasing amongst children. Further research explained this consensus (Ritz 2009). Nitrogen dioxide causes an inflammation in the lining of the lungs and reduces immunity to lung infections. This is exactly why children and aged people in particular are at high risk from exposure (Anzenbacher & Zanger 2012 p. 656). Not only does it cause lung problems but also increases the intensity of the nature of the illness. Other than health problems nitrogen dioxide is in itself, a potent threat to the ecosystem as well. Oxides of nitrogen promote ozone formation. It is a major contributor of acid rain and photochemical smog, both being very serious environment issues. Another major harmful effect of oxides of nitrogen is not in its gaseous form but in its element form (Inglezakis & Poulopoulos 2006, p. 22). Owing to the increasing agricultural industry, the use of fertilizers is inevitable. These nitrogenous fertilizers seep into the soil, only to be swept away by rains or flash floods into the nearby river, where the nitrogen boasts the algae population, thereby reducing the oxygen concentration. As a result all other vegetation and species of fish are fatally affected. Nitrogen dioxide reacts in the presence of air and ultraviolet light to form two very harmful compounds, ozone and nitrogen oxide. The NO then reacts with free radicals in atmosphere to pro duce NO2 again. Thus each molecule of NO2 has the ability to produce ozone molecules a lot of times. Also one molecule of NO2 has a very long lifetime because of its inability to absorb light photons. Ozone is an invisible gas with levels highest when it is warm. It also affects the lungs. Studies in animals claim that ozone damages the cells of lining the passages of the lungs, causing

Law of tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Law of tort - Essay Example ill be obliged to pay damages for a breach of duty of care and the Court will not question whether or not the defendant has acted in a justifiable manner. On the other hand in a case of no fault liability, it is possible that a victim may not receive damages for the harm caused if there has been a good justifiable reason for the wrong that has been perpetrated on the victim. Bearing these factors in mind, there are two avenues that Ron could consider in recovering damages in tort. On the one hand, he could bring a tort for negligence and breach of duty of care on the part of Nurse Emmanuel, and/or hold the owners of the property, i.e, Rapidbuild, responsible for his injuries under Occupier’s liability. Both the options are discussed in detail below, in order that Ron’s parents may opt for one or both the options. There is no doubt that Ron can indeed bring an action in tort, because for such an action to be actionable, some harm should have been suffered due to a wrongful act and Ron may be able to prove both of these. The Occupiers Liability Act of 1957 imputes liability upon owners for premises that they may own, including fixed and immovable structures on it1. The fence on the land would therefore qualify as immovable property upon the land owned by Rapidbuild. The Company will be deemed to be the occupier in this case, because it is owns the property and is also in a position whereby it can exert a sufficient degree of control over the premises. Although Ron and Kevin would be deemed to be trespassers for purposes of this Act, there will be recourse available for the children. Prior to 1972, occupier liability was limited, for example in the case of Robert Addie and Sons v Dumbreck2, where a child died but Lord Hailsham limited the liability of the occupier, especially towards trespassers, when he stated that an occupier would be liable only â€Å"where the injury [was] due to some willful act involving something more than the absence of reasonable

Photography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Photography - Research Paper Example Part 3 Digital photography has changed the way we see the world around us. It has opened up the world of photography to anyone with the ability to peer through a viewfinder and push a button. It has made it possible for us to easily pull images into our computers and change the captured reality. For this reason, it has become a concern that digital photography has changed the face of photography forever. We can no longer look at an image and assume that it is depicting what really happened at the time the photograph was taken. Many people remain suspicious about digital photography because of the ease with which photos can be manipulated, but this aspect of photography hasn't really changed since its earliest days. Part 3 Digital photography has changed the way we see the world around us. It has opened up the world of photography to anyone with the ability to peer through a viewfinder and push a button. It has made it possible for us to easily pull images into our computers and chang e the captured reality. For this reason, it has become a concern that digital photography has changed the face of photography forever. We can no longer look at an image and assume that it is depicting what really happened at the time the photograph was taken. Many people remain suspicious about digital photography because of the ease with which photos can be manipulated, but this aspect of photography hasn't really changed since its earliest days. By looking at the history of photography and how it has been affected by digital technology, I plan to show that manipulation of photos is something that has been a part of photography for as long as cameras existed. To do this, I will show how the function of the digital camera is not really that different from the function of the traditional film camera and then show how each method is easily manipulated to create an impression of reality. The only true difference is our realization that this is possible. Digital Technology Has Not Chang ed Photography Student name Course name Instructor name Date Student name Instructor name Course name Date Digital Technology Has Not Changed Photography The world as we see it today is mostly shaped by what is captured in the form of digital photography. Film cameras are almost non-existent as more and more people have found the ease and cost-convenience of digital to far outweigh the hassles of film for most applications. Because of its widespread use, we are all now much more aware of just how easy it is to manipulate photographs to change what we think we see. While most of us embrace the ease of digital photography for ourselves, there is a group of individuals who are outraged at the idea that news photographers are also able to use digital technologies in reporting the news. These people feel that the only way we can get an accurate representation of what's happening in other parts of the world is through the use of film cameras, which produce images that are not as easy to m anipulate. My role in the following research is to investigate how film cameras and digital cameras operate to see if there are any differences in the actual capturing of an image and then to compare how images are processed, again with the purpose of comparing techniques and the level to which they can be manipulated. In conducting this research, I bring my own experience as a film and digital amateur photographer as well as someone interested in how the media works to shape our understanding of the world. I have studied how images are used in print ads, video

Trends in Music Supervision for film industry Essay Example for Free

Trends in Music Supervision for film industry Essay Music can be defined as a rare combination of sounds that are able to project specific rhythms and melodies, which have the power to convey a message that words cannot express (Fleser, 2000). Music has the unique power to bring out the true emotions of people and touch their souls. Being such a powerful aspect of human nature and life, people involved in the profession of music have always tried to present it in the best possible manner that will be soothing to every soul who listens to it, as the saying goes that â€Å"Music is food for the soul. † Music is now one of the largest industries of the world which embraces with itself millions of individuals who work in this field. The growing success of the music industry has made people think that making a reputation in this industry just a piece of cake, but indeed making music is the toughest job for an individual. Music has always had the power to influence its listeners, that is why music is now widely used in almost every cultural and performing arts activities. The global film industry also happens to be one of these branches of the performing arts which have made great use of music not only for its promotion but also as a medium in which music can always be utilized to convey the story to the audience in a much more effective manner. Film as a medium is a great platform for conveying different stories and messages to its audiences and when it is incorporated with music than the goal to convey the message becomes much easier. Film music is now considered to be a necessity without which the success of any film can be put into doubts. Body Film music was probably introduced as a means to cover the sounds of projectors which presented the films in the late 1800s and early 1900’s (Passman, 2006). But the question that rises over here is that what allowed the film music to survive? The simple answer is that film music made it easier to convey the message in a much realistic form. Therefore the true introduction of music in the films came from the reason of covering clanking sounds of projectors. Before the addition of color into motion picture music was also a definite part of black and white movies. Even you take a look at movies not just from the West but also from the East than you will notice that music had great influence in movies on both sides of the globe. Introduction of music in films was indeed considered as an innovation, one which later had progressed into vast fields of soundtracks and background scores. In the late 1900’s the cinema industry was going through a crisis as he number of theatres had increased tremendously but the producers found themselves to be short of films. At first music was introduced in the films through a live orchestra or piano that played along the projection of the film but later on in the 1900s theatre goers were introduced to a new technique which included a much more classified form of music through which competent musicians performed along with the orchestra. The regular trend of music accompanying the films was introduced much later and before that the owners of different theaters tried to make the sound of the cinema somewhat close to live theaters. At that time all film projections were accompanied by human voice that is to say that dialogues were spoken live and music was also included as a live orchestra. To omit this non-satisfactory and at times irritating mechanism of sound from the films a lot of experimentations were carried out by converting the sound on disc and synchronizing it. A lot of experiments were carried out in this regard so that a better sound can be achieved. After a lot of failures the experiment proved to be a successful one through Camera phone. The camera phone was a device which merged the sound and pictures at an inexpensive cost which made it easy to be distributed amongst the theater owners. It would right to say that the camera phone was the breakthrough in the field of merging music and sound with motion picture. The camera phone paved way for a lot of other devices which resulted because of various experiments based on the camera phone itself. These experimentations included the phonoscope, picture phone, etc. But all these experimentations were mainly focused on producing a synchronized form of the human sound that before was spoken live in the theater so as such these innovations were not a major breakthrough but they definitely provided the room for improvement and further experimentation. Later a campaign was introduced by producers through which the synchronized disc system was considered outdated and producers encouraged the theater owners to actually include the titles within the film only which sort of decreased the work assigned to the narrator. This step can be witnessed as a gradual change for omitting live narrations completely from the film. Music became an important part of the films when the audience had started demanding music in between inter-titles or other parts of the movie. This led the theater owners to play separate discs which contained music at the time of the presentation of the titles. At that time Vita-phone was also introduced which was an advanced form for the synchronized disc systems but it proved a little more successful because it lead to an innovating idea to project sound within the theater. In the late 1926 the vita-phone was used in a meaning full manner by placing one speaker behind the other, one in the narrative podium and another where the orchestra played. The films produced with Vita-phone at that time led many renowned production companies including Warner’s to give a further thought to disc synchronization and the importance that it holds for the progress of the theater sound and music industry. They even found the vita-phone appropriate to serve as speakers for public addresses. The Vita-phone was a source for the main entry of music into films. Its first use included a major portion of incorporating music in films. Vita-phone also proved to be a source for amplifying whatever sound is passed through it. But like every invention its use also had to come to an end with other inventions. Music in films was deeply felt by the audiences for the first time in a movie called the e Jazz Singer which was introduced in October 1927. The reason for this reaction of the audience was simply the fact that a new kind of sound was presented in front of them, one which was completely different especially from the projected sounds and one which provided them with a refreshing change of sound. In many scenes of some movies the producers tried to develop a relationship between the actors who perform and the amplification system. By 1929 a lot of changes had been improvised in the style of filmmaking especially in the sound and music department. These changes were brought forth by revising a lot of configurations of the loudspeaker. The 1926 music in films found the orchestra to be the only and the main source through which the audience were entertained with some kind of music within the film. But after this a gradual diversion of the film music towards the screen was witnessed. This means that the speakers were placed exactly behind the screen so that it appeared to be completely well coordinated with the scenes it was to play along with. This idea was used by Hollywood a lot in its beginning days. If looked at closely than it might seem to be a completely illogical idea but this technique was brought into practice so that the real source of sound can be hidden and brought along with the attributes of whatever is being played on the screen. The technique of placing the speakers behind the image on the screen was also appreciated as a move to create identification between the sound or music and the picture. But this proved to be a difficult task for technicians. The technicians had to more mobile compared to as before placing the speaker carefully so that perfect correspondence between the sound and picture would be visible to the audience. The year 1933 brought with it the major breakthrough in the American Industry in terms of sound system. The Bell Labs had experimented with the sound stereo and in 1940 a major electronic company demonstrated a four-track-stereo system. This stereo system was adopted by cinema owners in the early 1950’s. The stereo was expected to fulfill the tasks of both the technicians as well as what a sound system should fulfill. That is to say it completely leveled the needs of accuracy and of providing well coordinated sound to the audience. But the surround sound also held its disadvantage. The surround sound system could be used to reinforce only specific visual effects. And it was difficult to coordinate the picture with 3 directional speakers. For this sole reason the major production companies of Hollywood including WarnerBros, Columbia Pictures and even M-G-M. \ If we look at the last forty years than we can witness a lot of progress in terms of stereo system in the movie department. This has only enhanced the performance and importance of music in Movies. But today’s position in movie sounds could never had been reached if Dolby had not introduced its optical stereo in the late 1970’s, which had an outstanding and improved nature in terms of noise reduction. The Dolby speakers were pretty popular. Most production companies tried to use these speakers especially after the success of the super hit fiction Star Wars. Conclusion For the past 40 years we have witnessed a lot of innovations in terms of sounds and music in the film m industry. At first different orchestras were brought into sing for the films but over the gradual period of time we have observed that the pop and rock culture of different individual music industries has paved a way for itself into this field. We now see artists from different music genres and industries singing for movies and their soundtracks. The quality of music has improved and is still improving. This is due to the digital age that we have entered in. But in today’s competitive world the movies demand a lot from the soundtracks. What we can expect in future is a global competition between different industries and what would really set everyone apart is not only their creativity but also their ability to market and promote themselves. No doubt music has contributed immensely in this field and will continue to do so if music composers keep on coming up with heart felt and innovative tunes for each generation especially the generation next. References Book Fleser, J. (2000). The Chord Wheel. UK. JSK Passman, D. S. (2006). All You Need To Know About Music Business. USA.